Conservatives love to apply “cost-benefit analysis” to government programs—except in health care. In fact, working with drug companies and warning of “death panels,” they slipped language into Obamacare banning cost-effectiveness research. Here’s how that happened, and why it can’t stand.
Why are you reading this when you could be doing jumping jacks?
And how come you’ve gone on to read this sentence when you could be having a colonoscopy?
You and I could be doing all sorts of things right now that we have reason to believe would improve our health and life expectancy. We could be working out at the gym, or waiting in a doctor’s office to have our bodies scanned and probed for tumors and polyps. We could be using this time to eat a steaming plate of broccoli, or attending a support group to help us overcome some unhealthy habit.
Yet you are not doing those things right now, and the chances are very strong that I am not either. Why not?
Even people who take their health very seriously calculate costs and benefits. Time spent at the gym, for example, is time we cannot spend playing with our kids, or making the money we need to pay for our ever-rising health insurance premiums. Submitting to a colonoscopy, while minimally costing time, money, and discomfort, may not provide us with any personal benefit whatsoever—all of which we put into the mix before deciding if this is the day we have the test done.
In short, in our day-to-day lives we regularly apply a kind of informal cost-benefit analysis to the decisions we make about health care. To take another example, say you decide it’s worth the effort to lose twenty pounds and firmly resolve to do so. Then your mind will instantly turn to mulling what would be the most cost-effective way to go about it: eat less or exercise more, for example, or perhaps take a pill or undergo a liposuction operation or some combination of all of those.
In making this decision, you may well act on assumptions that are shortsighted or misinformed. You may ascribe more effectiveness to those interventions that seem easy (taking a diet pill) than to those that seem hard (giving up sweets and sweating it out in the gym more often).
Similarly, you may underestimate the risk that a liposuction will bring with it a hospital infection and other complications that will get you killed. Your decision may also be constrained by lack of money to throw at the problem, or lack of time, or competing ambitions. Yet however imperfectly, your mental energies will be directed at how to achieve your goal of losing those twenty pounds at the least cost in other things that matter to you.
This pattern of “rationing,” if you will, our own health and health care on the basis of perceived costs and benefits is arguably a defining feature of what makes us human. Certainly my fat cat does not deliberate the pros and cons of how and whether to overcome her obesity.
Yet here is a curious fact about humans, in the United States, at least. Though we spend more per person on health care than any other people on earth, and with results that are no better and often worse than all other advanced nations, we have allowed conservatives and corporate interests to bind us with laws that explicitly forbid the use of formal cost-benefit analysis to determine how health care dollars are spent. Until we get our heads around this contradiction, we are in big trouble.
The stunning inefficiency of the U.S. health care system as a whole is now beyond dispute. To see the magnitude of aggregate waste, one only has to look at the gross disparities in how medicine is practiced in different parts of the country and with what results.
The best-known work in this area comes from the Dartmouth Atlas Project. For more than a decade, researchers there have systematically reviewed the medical records of deceased Medicare patients nationwide, including those who suffered from specific chronic conditions during their last two years of life. And by doing so, the researchers have uncovered striking anomalies that point to vast inefficiencies.
In Miami, for example, the Dartmouth researchers have discovered that the average number of doctor visits for a Medicare patient during the last two years of his or her life is 106. But in Minneapolis, among Medicare patients suffering from the same chronic conditions, the average number of doctor visits during the last two years of life is only twenty-six. Yet in both cities, all of these patients are equally dead at the end of two years.
The implication is unavoidable. The much higher volume and intensity of medicine as it is practiced in Miami as compared to Minneapolis may benefit some patients in some ways. But all the extra exams, as well as the extra tests, drugs, and operations that doctors in Miami regularly order for their patients, bring no aggregate gain in life expectancy.
By extrapolating from such disparities in medical practice around the country, Dartmouth researchers have developed the widely accepted estimate that roughly a third of all health care spending in the United States is pure waste or worse, mostly in the form of unnecessary and often harmful care—amounting to some $700 billion a year. Using a similar approach of comparing best and worst practices, a recent study by the Institute of Medicine concludes that overtreatment and other forms of waste in the system consume $750 billion annually. That’s roughly the cost of the entire Iraq War.
This finding is in line with that of another recent study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (the house organ of America’s doctor lobby!). It calculates that on its current course the U.S. will spend nearly $11 trillion between 2011 and 2019 on health care that has no benefit to patients and that is often harmful to their health. Cutting that waste by just 4 percent a year, the study concludes, would be enough to keep health care spending in line with the growth of the economy, which in turn would be enough to evaporate the federal government’s long-term deficits. And it would mean that wasteful health care would no longer crowd out care that actually improves and prolongs the lives of patients.
Yet while we know the system as a whole is grossly inefficient, it remains easy for those responsible for the waste to escape detection, let alone accountability. The biggest single reason is that, due to the insistence of conservatives allied with drug manufacturers and medical device makers, the federal government is not allowed to consider the cost-effectiveness of different treatments in deciding how to invest health care dollars.
To be sure, in recent years, the Obama administration has begun to underwrite research into the so-called “comparative effectiveness” of different drugs and treatments. It has done this primarily through a new entity called the Patient-Centered Outcome Research Institute (PCORI), which was created by the Affordable Care Act. Late last year, PCORI announced its first grants and is now funding research on, for example, how well stroke victims do when they receive rehabilitative therapy at home as compared to care in nursing homes.
That’s important to know and long overdue. Most ordinary Americans would be shocked to learn how little research has been done on the outcomes of different practices in medicine, including on the actual health effects of such common, costly, and invasive procedures as back and heart surgery. For example, from 2000 through 2005, American cardiologists performed more than seven million coronary artery angioplasties, arthrectomies, and stent insertions. Yet only in recent years has there been any research to determine whether these procedures work any better than simple noninvasive treatments, such as aspirin or cholesterol pills, for patients with stable coronary disease. It turns out that they don’t.
Yet while the work of PCORI is important, it will never tell us what we most need to know to get the waste out of the U.S. health care system. That’s because, as PCORI’s executive director told a health care conference in 2011, “You can take it to the bank that PCORI will never do a cost-effectiveness analysis.”
PCORI’s work compares benefits to benefits, but not, as a matter of law, cost to benefits, and that’s a big deal. Such research does not tell us, for example, whether measures to prevent a stroke would be more cost-effective than measures to deal with its consequences. The same is true of all other government research into “comparative effectiveness.”
And by ignoring costs, such research also cannot tell us how to make sure that the money we spend on health care saves the most lives or reduces the most suffering. More fundamentally, even if the work of PCORI and other comparative effectiveness research could answer those questions, the government could not act on the information. That’s thanks to obscure but deeply consequential language inserted into the Affordable Care Act by the very corporate interests that stand to lose the most from our actually knowing which drugs and procedures offer the highest value.
The story of how this happened and what it means is full of perverse ironies. Leading up to the Obama years, mainstream health care policy experts and many politicians in both parties generally agreed on the need for the federal government to fund cost-effectiveness studies. As far back as 1996, a panel convened by the U.S. Public Health Service called for evaluating specific drugs and treatments based on how many years of healthy life they produced per dollar. When President George W. Bush signed the Medicare Modernization Act into law, he authorized $50 million to study the clinical effectiveness and appropriateness of health care services, including prescription drugs, while Bush’s Medicare program administrator, Mark McClellan, pushed for using such research in Medicare coverage decisions.
Conservatives have long championed the use of cost-benefit analysis in other realms, including those that involved putting a dollar value on both the length and quality of human life. In 1981, for example, President Ronald Reagan issued Executive Order 122911, which established the still-routine practice of evaluating consumer safety and environmental regulations based on the estimated number of lives saved per dollar. In 2003, under the Bush administration, the Environmental Protection Agency even went so far as to adopt the so-called “life expectancy” factor in cost-benefit analysis, which recognizes that more years of life are saved when children are spared death than when elders are. At the time, it wasn’t conservatives who objected, but some environmentalists and senior groups, who characterized the policy as imposing a “senior death discount.”
As late as 2008, Republican presidential nominee John McCain issued a position paper, entitled “Straight Talk on Health System Reform,” that reflected the bipartisan consensus on the need for government research into the actual value of different drugs and treatments. Based on the thinking of one of his health care advisers, Gail R. Wilensky, who had long championed the cause, the position paper stated, “We must make public more information on treatment options and doctor records, and require transparency regarding medical outcomes, quality of care, costs and prices. We must also facilitate the development of national standards for measuring and recording treatments and outcomes.”
President Obama came to office strongly sharing this conviction and committed to putting it into practice. But as it happened, even the administration’s most tentative moves in this direction were met by a firestorm of opposition from the drug and medical device lobbies. This opposition would have far-ranging consequences, including, in the end, an effective ban on government even sponsoring cost-effectiveness research in health care, let alone using it as a guide for setting health care policy.
The firestorm began in early 2009, when, as part of the stimulus bill, the administration proposed $1.1 billion (or one-twentieth of 1 percent of total U.S. health care spending at the time) for research into the efficacy and safety of different medical procedures. In an accompanying report, the administration explained that the research could help eliminate costly treatments. Immediately, pharmaceutical companies and device makers pounced.
“You have to be very careful,” warned W. J. “Billy” Tauzin, then president of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, in explaining why he mobilized his industry’s legions of lobbyists in fierce opposition to the administration’s proposal. “An arrogant staffer writing a report was about to dramatically change the direction of health care in America,” Tauzin told the Los Angeles Times, adding ominously, “I hope it is a clear warning. There are a lot of beehives out there. You don’t just go around punching them.”
Soon, the entire conservative noise machine was in full swing. Just how much of this was the result of marching orders from Tauzin and his lobby, and how much was the result of Republican ideologues seizing on what they saw as an opportunity to destroy Obama’s chances for passing comprehensive health care reform, will remain forever hard to sort out, but the effects were devastating. On January 23, 2009, the Republican Study Committee sent out an alert that Obama’s true intent was to create “a permanent government rationing board prescribing care instead of doctors and patients” (emphasis in original). “Every policy and standard,” the statement warned, “will be decided by this board and would be the law of the land for every doctor, drug company, hospital, and health insurance plan.”
Within days, more than sixty patient advocacy groups, many of them funded by the drug industry, cosigned a letter to influential members of Congress making parallel arguments, which also appeared in a Wall Street Journal editorial and op-ed piece by George Will. The American Spectator took up the task of mobilizing the pro-life movement, writing, “Euthanasia is another shovel ready job for Pelosi to assign to the states. Reducing health care costs under Obama’s plan, after all, counts as economic stimulus, too—controlling life, controlling death, controlling costs.” By early February, Rush Limbaugh was outraging and terrifying his listeners by charging that a new federal bureaucracy “will monitor treatments to make sure your doctor is doing what the federal government deems appropriate.”
Republicans and the drug industry did not succeed in killing off cost-effectiveness research at that point, but they had sent a powerful shot across the bow. The stimulus bill passed and included some provision for the research Obama wanted. But politicians on both sides of the aisle were deeply intimidated by how a once second-tier issue that enjoyed support from wonks and politicians in both parties had suddenly become the target of a death ray of demagoguery.
The message would still be ringing in their ears later that year as the national agenda turned toward comprehensive health care reform. The architects of “Obamacare” knew full well, of course, that there was no conceivable way to expand access to health care, improve its quality, and simultaneously “bend the cost curve” unless medical practice became far more driven by information about the actual costs and benefits of different treatments. They knew it wouldn’t be necessary, appropriate, or even practical to use such cost-benefit analysis to determine what specific treatments doctors could give specific patients. But they also knew that such information was absolutely necessary to guiding rational decisions, on, for example, how much Medicare should pay, or whether it should pay at all, for treatments that offered fewer benefits than lower-cost alternatives.
After all, why should Medicare pay surgeons tens of thousands of dollars to perform costly, dangerous back surgeries if research established that the patients undergoing these operations do better with low-cost physical therapies? Isn’t medical practice supposed to be driven by science? And how is the public supposed to know how to allocate health care dollars if no one even knows the value of different procedures?
Accordingly, bills introduced by Democrats in both the House and the Senate called for the creation of some kind of entity to do the necessary research. But by the summer of 2009, the death ray was back, and now packing super-high voltage that threatened the political life of anyone who stood anywhere near these bills.
We all remember Sarah Palin’s sensational talk about “death panels.” And who can forget the images of lawmakers being assaulted in town hall meetings that summer by constituents even as erstwhile “moderate” Republicans like Charles Grassley fanned the flames. What many people don’t know, however, is how this firestorm forced the administration and Democrats in Congress to cave on the very measure most necessary to improving the quality of the U.S. health care system and, by extension, making it sustainable.
During the legislative battles that eventually lead to the passage of the Affordable Care Act, Republicans repeatedly introduced amendments that would bar the government from any use of cost-effectiveness research in health care. For example, in September 2009, Republican Senator Jon Kyl introduced an amendment “prohibiting the use of taxpayer dollars to conduct cost-based research and ration care.”
Meanwhile, conservative Democrats, such as Senate Finance Chairman Max Baucus, though remaining publicly committed to the idea of government sponsoring some kind of “comparative effectiveness research,” also began introducing measures that would ensure strong industry influence over any entity conducting the research. After the August 2009 recess, Baucus introduced legislation stipulating that the research not be done by a federal agency, but rather by a nonprofit group with the drug and medical device industries well represented on its board.
At the same time, according to Brookings fellow Kavita Patel, who was then following the legislative maneuvering as a White House aide, the pressure was on all Democrats to back away from cost-effectiveness research. In an account published in Health Affairs in 2010, she recounted how
“[a]n endless stream of organizations, citizens, researchers, and thought leaders weighed in with Senate Finance Committee staff,” with at least “some” warning “of the ramifications of using cost-effectiveness in the research.”
Their lobbying was effective, especially after Republican Scott Brown was elected to the Massachusetts Senate seat vacated after the death of Ted Kennedy. At that point, the Democrats’ balance of power was shifting away, and so was any thought of holding out for an independent federal agency that would study cost-effectiveness in health care. Instead, with Baucus driving the train, Democrats found a way to capitulate that would allow them to give the opposite impression to all but those who were paying very close attention.
In its final language, the ACA specifically bars policymakers from using cost-effectiveness as a basis for even recommending different drugs and treatments to patients. In practical effect, the ACA ensures that such research won’t even be done, let alone be used as a criterion for guiding how the nearly $2.6 trillion the U.S. spends on health care each year might be put to best use. Here’s what you need to know to understand how the fix was put in behind the scenes and why correcting it must become a high priority for health care reformers.
To understand the story, you have to be familiar with a basic concept that researchers around the world use to measure cost-effectiveness in health care. It’s known as a QALY. What’s a QALY? It stands for quality-adjusted life years, and despite its technical sound, it’s based on the common sense we all use in our day-to-day lives.
Let’s start by asking ourselves what it is that we mere mortals want from health care. Of course, most of us would like it to help us live to a ripe old age. But we also want health care to improve not just the quantity, but to the extent possible also the quality of our lives. If a genie came to you and said she would grant you any wish, you might blurt out that you wanted to live to be 110. But what if she granted your wish and at the same time condemned you to living out the rest of your years in extreme pain or in a coma? Obviously, quality of life is a factor, and often a huge one, in what we want from health care.
Researchers evaluating the effectiveness of different health care practices and policies recognize that, too. Say the comparison is between two different drugs. People who take the first live one year longer in perfect health than those who don’t. People who take the second drug also live one year longer than those who don’t, but as a side effect, they also go blind. Which is the better drug? Obviously, the first one.
This reality is captured by the concept of a QALY, which weighs the gain in life expectancy that a medical intervention is estimated to bring against its effects on a patient’s quality of life. There are many different ways to do this, but a common formula, used officially by such other advanced industrial countries as Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia, goes like this: Take each year of extra life that a medical intervention is found to produce and multiply it by a variable that reflects the intervention’s effect on a patient’s quality of life. If the intervention results in one extra year of perfect health, the value of that variable is put at 1. If it results in something less than one year of perfect health, the value of that variable is put at some number less than 1.
If we apply this formula to the example above, here’s what we get: Because the first drug results in one year of extra life in perfect health, we multiply that year of extra life times 1, and since 1 x 1 = 1, the QALY score is 1. In evaluating the second drug, we would multiply the one extra year of life it produces by some number less than one to reflect the fact that the drug causes blindness. If that number were 0.75, we would multiply 1 times 0.75 and conclude that the second drug produced 0.75 years of quality-adjusted life.
Now right here you may be starting to have qualms about QALYs. By picking that number, 0.75, are we implying that the lives of blind people are 0.25 percent less valuable than the lives of sighted people? No, though the drug industry and many other powerful forces in our society would like you to conclude that any use of QALYs demeans the handicapped and sets them up to be killed off by death panels. But researchers use QALYs simply to rate the value of different health care interventions, not the value of people, and unless you believe that people simply don’t care if they are blinded or otherwise disabled by a medical practice, that’s surely appropriate.
In practice, interventions that help people to overcome or deal with their disabilities will score highly in QALYs, including interventions that elderly people with chronic disabilities particularly want and need. Writing in the New England Journal of Medicine, researchers Peter J. Neumann and Milton C. Weinstein note that populations with more impairment have more to gain with effective interventions, and that therefore interventions that benefit these populations will score high in QALY per dollar.
Of course, there are many reasons why people might legitimately argue over just how much to discount the value of a drug that produces blindness. Is 0.75 is the right number to use, or maybe 0.85? Who can say exactly how valuable it is to be able to see? Many studies show that humans tend to both overestimate how much they’ll enjoy getting what they wish for in life and underestimate how much they’ll suffer if their worst fears come true. People who become blind may not find it as bad as they thought it would be before they lost their sight.
Which is all quite fascinating, and a reason why we can’t just turn the whole matter over to experts, let alone computers. But certainly the right number to use in evaluating the second drug is some number less than 1, because otherwise we’d be ignoring the fact that most people do care if a pill makes them blind. (Would you?)
Whatever the philosophical and process issues involved in estimating QALYs, they pale in moral difficulty compared to a stance in which we simply ignore the full health consequences of health care. The concept of getting the most years of quality life for the least cost clearly captures what we all want from health care, including in our personal lives. Without the use of QALYs or some equivalent measure, measuring cost-effectiveness in health care is simply impossible.
And that brings us back to the Affordable Care Act. The ACA established the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute, and gave it the mission of doing so-called “comparative effectiveness” research. But in so doing, it specifically forbids PCORI from using QALYs, or anything like them. The statute stipulated that PCORI “shall not develop or employ a dollars per quality adjusted life year (or similar measure that discounts the value of a life because of an individual’s disability) as a threshold to establish what type of health care is cost effective or recommended.”
More broadly and pointedly, it also states that the secretary of health and human services, who oversees Medicare, Medicaid, and the soon-to-be-up-and-running exchanges for private health insurance, “shall not utilize such an adjusted life year (or such a similar measure) as a threshold to determine coverage, reimbursement, or incentive programs.”
The implications of this language are far reaching, and explain why PCORI’s executive director so emphatically asserts, “You can take it to the bank that PCORI will never do a cost-effectiveness analysis.” As long as using the concept of a quality-adjusted life year is forbidden, along with “similar measures,” there is no way to measure the cost-effectiveness of any given drug or treatment. And that’s just what the big drug companies and medical device makers wanted all along.
Taken literally, it means that it is impossible for health care policymakers to even “recommend” one drug over another just because one costs, say, $1 million per pill and produces blindness as a side effect and another costs only $10 and leaves you with your sight intact.
Other language in the ACA ensures that it will be taken literally. The statutes that govern PCORI, for example, establish it as a nonprofit organization and then specifically require that “members representing pharmaceutical, device, and diagnostic manufacturers” are guaranteed seats on its board and allowed to serve on its expert advisory panels. Today, for example, PCORI’s board includes representatives from Pfizer, the world’s largest drug company; from Medtronic, a $16.2 billion manufacturer of pacemakers, stents, and other medical devices; and from a “patient advocacy” group called Friends of Cancer Research, whose funding derives from such Big Pharma players as Pfizer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, and GlaxoSmithKline.
The ACA also stipulates that scientists doing research under contract with PCORI may not publish their findings unless PCORI determines that the research is “within bounds”—the meaning of which, of course, the board itself gets to decide. If PCORI’s board deems it out of bounds, both the offending scientist and his or her institution are banned from receiving any other grant for a period of not less than five years, which for many scientists who specialize in evaluating the quality of health care would be a career ender.
Welcome to the real politics of health care.
How do we go forward? Explaining what’s at stake to the American public will not be easy. Every penny of that $750 billion the Institute of Medicine says we waste every year in health care goes into someone’s pocket. And the beneficiaries of that spending are not going to be quiet, from millionaire cardiologists performing unnecessary stent operations to drug and medical device makers peddling products that cannot be justified.
Not only are these interest groups highly concentrated and highly motivated, they are well funded and well practiced at manipulating public opinion. At the same time, even though prices in the U.S. health care system are primarily determined by a combination of market concentration, political manipulation, poor information, and sheer inefficiency, many citizens are predisposed to assume that more expensive treatments are always better than cheaper alternatives. And so, when told that “faceless bureaucrats in Washington” are busy putting a number on the dollar value of their lives in preparation for “rationing” their health care, they do indeed fear that “death panels” will decide who lives and who dies.
For those truly committed to the cause of health reform, overthrowing the ban on cost-effectiveness research now must move high on the agenda, and it requires clearly and forthrightly explaining what it really is and why it’s essential to everyone getting the best care possible. I have done the best I know how here to explain what’s going on and what’s at stake in ordinary language, but I certainly don’t have it down to a sound bite. Others must also try.
Phillip Longman is senior editor at the Washington Monthly, where this post originally appeared.
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This looks like the best explanation.
Bob —
The Darmouth-Atlas data on regional differences in per capital Medicare spending are adjusted for race, health status and other relevant factors. After doing that, Medicare’s per capita spending in FL is twice as high as in MN. Fraud is a factor, especially in Miami-Dade County and a couple of other counties in southern FL but the main difference is practice pattern variation.
The upper Midwest has a disproportionate share of hospitals and large group practices that deliver well coordinated, cost-effective care. These include the Mayo Clinic, Gundersen-Lutheran Health System, Marshfield Clinic and Essentia Health.
One article I read lately suggested that Florida and Illinois had more elderly who had been poor all their lives, and that these persons were more likely to need dialysis etc, and needed institutional long-term care sooner because their children were poor also.
Whereas Minnesota has fewer poor elderly people, and the reason I am sorry to say probably comes down to race.
Until welfare and immigration were liberalized in about 1980, Minnesota was almost all white. Even now, most of its minorites are younger persons.
The American states which resemble Europe ethnically — i.e. Vermont, North Dakota, etc — have the most progressive health insurance systems.
Hardly an accident.
The single payer adocates (like myself) are generally loath to bring this up. One can find a good article on this delicate subject by Michael Lind, called Uninsured Like Me.
Bob –
With all due respect, by the time we get done paying for everything you want to pay for with taxes instead of the way we pay for them now, even the middle class will pay 50% of its income in combined federal, state and local taxes including any costs nominally paid for by an employer. In Europe, that’s pretty much the way it works. If people want a European style social safety net, they’re going to have to pay about half of their income in taxes one way or another. Just soaking the rich won’t come close to paying the bills. As far as I can tell, the American middle class won’t stand for paying anything close to 50% of income in taxes. Somewhere around 33% total tax burden (federal + state + local) is probably closer to the mark.
With respect to the differences in Medicare costs per person in Minnesota vs. Miami or Chicago, it’s mainly attributable to practice pattern culture. For some reason, the culture of medical practice throughout much of the upper Midwest is more conservative than elsewhere. It has to do with differences in how doctors were trained and the evolution of the perceived standard of care in a community. In South Florida and a few of our major cities, fraud and, to some extent, defensive medicine are also contributing factors but I think differences in regional practice patterns are the most significant factor in driving differences in medical costs for treating patients with similar diseases and conditions.
Hmm…
Interesting. I guess the size of the footprint isn’t as important as I thought. (And I’m also just gadfly.) You know, of course, Atul Gawande has made the same point more than once. And Maggie Mahar has said the whole system is “marbled” with those kinds of exceptions. I think the ACO concept is an effort to replicate some of the better outcomes with lower costs.
It would be interesting to see if there are any differences in for-profit vs non-profit operations, either hospitals or other services. Years ago one of my elderly part-time employees sometimes mentioned her church helping with here medical and legal needs. And here in the Atlanta area my mother spent the last year-plus of her life in a nursing-home/rehab facility operating as a non-profit. The level of care was super. I never imagined she would ever be able to have care in such a good environment.
I also learned that a local hospital operates a clinic for indigents that is either free or operates on a sliding scale. Physicians rotate shifts, I presume either pro-bono or to create a charitable contribution deduction (?), but these are not the Medicaid beneficiaries — these people are referred by Family Services (presumably because they have too many assets to qualify for Medicaid but not enough to afford ordinary medical care. I really don’t know..) There are plenty of old people who need medical care but are not getting it until they have an emergency and are forced to enter the system — on their way to “spending down” to Medicaid.
Long-term care is the biggest elephant in the system being overlooked by nearly all plans, political types and policy experts. And that is a challenge that will no remain unnoticed as the Boomers hit their final years. That may also be a clue to the difference between different cities — how does the retirement and long-term care population differ (if at all) from one place to another. As a care-giver for seniors I am aware of a very wide range of assisted living environments. Some are top-notch, near the skilled-nursing end of the scale, while others, typically real estate developer enterprises, are little more than upscale apartment complexes aimed at “active adults.” The range of residents runs from private residences with a small number of beds to other places with hundreds of apartments (studio to two or three bedrooms).
A growing segment of retirement living arrangements is the CCRC (Continuing Care Retirement Communities) which tend to be very upscale. Once accepted — I don’t know what the nest egg needs to be but it’s a lot — the resident is guaranteed care for the rest of his or her life. They start with a separate house, duplex or four-plex, and graduate to apartments, assisted living, nursing care, and usually “memory care” (Alzheimer’s/ dementia). These can be quite luxurious, including more than the usual activities with gym and exercise facilities, indoor pools, a choice of dining facilities, etc. It would be interesting to discover if or how these facilities connect with local hospital and medical care services.
Just a few thoughts off the top of my head…
The average expenditure on a Medicare participant is $7700 in Minneapolis versus $11,500 in Miami and Chicago.
And yet, Minneapolis has numerous large hospitals and lots of ancillary labs and imaging centers tied into them. I live in the Twin Cities incidentally..
Something else is going on besides just the supply of professional services
I do not what that something is. Medicare claims data is hard to come by even for professional researchers, and I am just a local gadfly.
It could be that Chicago and Miami have more self-referral by doctors who are investors in facilities…..and maybe different practice patterns………..and fewer gatekeepers before someone sees the top specialists in the field.
“That figure is completely unsourced. Where did it come from?”
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/11/opinion/waste-in-the-health-care-system.html?_r=0
Goggle is your friend.
Point well-taken. No argument from me about hospital expenses. My only query is how many imaging machines per acre does a community really need? Or labs? or individual office staffs? Or miles of paved streets and infrastructure? Or parking facilities? Retail durable equipment? Surgery centers outside the hospital?
My problem is not with the hospital but the huge healthcare footprint that typically surrounds the hospital — typically bigger than an industrial park. And all those places are part of a greater healthcare cost than the hospital itself. I can see a case for separate rehab and skilled nursing operations. But virtually all the rest can be folded into the hospital.
Sorry to sound like a broken record. I do see your point. But if the hospital and the rest of the system is sustained by tax money, I feel real strong that any operations bought by those tax dollars should be true not-for-profit operations — as all hospitals in the country were prior to the Sixties.
John, even if a hospital shed every single one of its indulgences, that hospital would still be an expensive place. You are right to bring these up, but this is not the core problem.
All American cities have fire stations and firemen and women, and these are not cheap operations.
Yet no American is denied the service of a fire department in an emergency.
(a very few rural fire departments have denied service to homeowners who did not pay $100 a year, but we are dealing with pathological cheapness of some homeowners in those cases.)
Anyways, where I am going here is the cost of hospital per user is always high. You have an entity that needs $2 million a month or more to open its doors, yet it may only have 50 patients.
The solution is to pay for hospitals in community and federal taxes, not by
assessing each poor patient and hoping that the patient has good insurance.
Bob Hertz, The Health Care Crusade
My apology. I read your post and you have done plenty of homework.
http://qote.me/mCC4yx
I share your frustration and appreciate your skepticism.
fwiw, I have two main complaints about costs. The first is that beneficiaries are not truly aware of those costs thanks to insurance, employer subsidies and tax policy. Second, as a result of several decades of that first complaint, we have created and continue to inflate a health care bubble, not unlike other economic bubbles, which looks wonderfully efficient up close but terribly redundant and wasteful from afar.
Here are a few expenses, all of which have but one revenue stream — medical bills.
§ TV ads — some of the most expensive air time for some of the most costly productions in the ad industry.
§ Mammoth executive bonuses and golden parachutes for both health care administrators and insurance companies
§ Facilities with manicured landscaping, marble floors, lived plants, flat-screen TVs in every room, and concierge food service
§ Elaborate accounting arrangements by which large so-called “not
for profit” health care systems, often augmented by equally large,
embedded insurance companies (BCBS comes to mind) launder bills mostly for the benefit of very profitable clinics, specialty practices and
device manufacturers.
§ ”Free scooters” advertised for Medicare beneficiaries. Sometimes
comes with a free recipe book or lighted magnifier “just for making the
call!”
§ Catered meals and other treats for hungry office staffs,
compliments of your favorite drug or other supplies sales
representative.
§ And speaking of sales, don’t forget the sales bonuses for high
performers. The only people in America with no limit to how much they
might earn are not in medicine or other specialties, but in sales.
(Investment bankers are in the running, of course, but they are in fact
limited by how much capital and/or credit they have. Enterprising sales
people have only transportation, cosmetics and a few other expenses.)
§ Don’t let’s leave out some red meat for the tort reform crowd —
legal and accounting services, and a grey area often called “defensive
medicine.”
With the exception of a dedicated group of community
volunteers who provide a few ancillary goods and services, every dime of
all that has but two sources:
1.) Medical bills
2.) Government grants for teaching hospitals and research by NIH. (taxes)
What am I missing?
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*Yes, of course. I almost forgot — MEDICAL CARE!
Are you asking about that pie chart?
Here is where that came from…
http://managinghealthcarecosts.blogspot.com/2012/09/waste-in-health-care-iom-version.html
Institute of Medicine, Kaiser, other places…
http://qote.me/TbEkYO
If you don’t think there is waste in the system you haven’t been paying attention. Please catch up. This is tiresome.
I’m not imagining this right? That figure is completely unsourced. Where did it come from?
Of course.
But since our elected representatives figured a way to misappropriate (and mischaracterize) those benefits with the SS Trust Fund they may as well be furnished from general funds via Medicare/Medicaid.
What I see happening (barring GOP torpedoes hitting a few targets) is a universal safety net for health care (similar to Social Security) furnishing some kind of bare minimum, but nothing luxurious. As I understand it (from reading Dr. Wachter’s posts here) the NHS — UK is a bare-bones but quite decent system, but a good many people there who prefer and can afford private services rarely or never darken the door of an NHS facility. I haven’t a problem with that kind of stratification of privileges. (And I recall Dr. Wachter noting that for medical emergencies and traumas most doctors there agree that the NHS, not private hospitals, is the preferred venue.)
(Hell, anybody who lives in America who doesn’t buy into the idea that rich people deserve all they can afford needs to leave the country. Greed, selfishness and I-got-mine-so-get-your-own are the woof and warp of our economy. Christian charity is about as reliable as state lotteries.)
In the same way that SS is the only social protection we have against utter economic destitution, some kind of medical equivalent needs to be in place (instead of EMTALA) for health care. The challenge is not how to craft it but how best to fund it As long as tax dollars continue to be sucked up by those who don’t really need a safety net (in much the same way that SS checks still go to some beneficiaries with other more impressive revenue streams in their retirement) there will always be a shortage at the lower end of the scale.
That’s why I keep complaining about the wealth gap and the distinction between tax credits vs tax deductions. Once the tax tit is removed from profit-making ventures and retained for those who really need tax relief, the dynamics of market economics will bring down costs. Until then the health care bubble will continue to inflate as tax dollars collected for medical care get redirected to non-medical profit lines instead. (And a serious part of the challenge is the so-called “non-profits” both in health care and insurance which serve as money-laundering centers in an incestuous relationship with a host of FOR-profit enterprises.)
John, you would enjoy an article called Women’s Sufferage and other Right Wing Apocalypses, New Republic 12-30-2009…………..which shows how absolute doom was predicted from the end of child labor, REA, Social Security, workmen’s compensation, Civil Rights, and end of barbed wire on the prairie.
As you say, the predictions were wrong every time.
Still, funding benefits through Social Security is the fastest way to make the benefits universal.
There ya go.
Ya’ll are talking like a bunch of Commies.
Next thing you know you’ll be wanting to set up a national firearms registry so the gubmint can disarm everybody and take all our stuff and hand it out to lazy freeloaders.
American employers instinctively resist maternity benefits because they fear they will be paying the cost themselves. Many many businesses are struggling to meet payroll right now, and they cannot handle paying someone who is not there.
I heard the same arguments in the Sixties about segregation.
I heard the same arguments about women in uniform.
I heard the same arguments about smoking in public.
I’m listening to the same arguments again about abortion, guns, LGBT issues, pocket knives on airplanes, gun-shaped cookies in first grade, the list is endless.
I could go on, but you get my drift. With or without laws we have a social barriers problem that defies description. I just turned off a C-SPAN discussion about copyright which had a room full of smart people all trying to remain civil as they tried to split the copyright baby between legislation and what they politely were calling “best practices” which is code language for “keep your stinking laws away my profit line and let me run my business hows I want.”
I’m now in retirement and can get away with more than I could when my pay depended on an employer. And during those long years I worked in both places — food service, famous for employee abuse, and health care, where most employees get PTO and even cooks and housekeepers get a “shift differential” just like the far more difficult to find medical professionals who demand more pay for working in the middle of the night.
I’ve seen both sides of the employment argument as a manager and a subordinate. Even in food service management I learned that there is a range of, shall we say “best practices” which allow companies to treat employees any way they want as long as they don’t hurt them too badly (thank you workers comp laws) or exploit them in other ways (as in “right to work” states, involuntary servitude of undocumented workers, filling units with “special payroll” employees to get around federal wage and hour laws).
You get the picture. Blood does not show on a balance sheet.
But I digress…
The message of this post (and the Washington Monthly) is not hard to understand. But it is very hard to argue with so much political and social ideology in the way.
When white restaurant owners said they couldn’t serve black people or their white customers would no longer do business with them, they were correct. Until the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that would have been true until the law took away that choice.
When military commanders said women had no place in combat they had plenty of support, and that support included a lot of women as well as men. And they were correct until policies from up the chain of command helped them change their behavior (if not their attitudes).
When I had customer complaints about “That guy over there is smoking in a non-smoking section” and I said “Did you say anything to him about it?” they replied “No. That’s YOUR job. You’re the manager!”
I hated it. But they were correct. It WAS my responsibility (and I never had the nerve to actually ask that question anyway… that was my fantasy). I had to find a diplomatic way to approach the smoker and say “Excuse me, but I’ll be happy to bring you a cup of coffee if you want to enjoy a cigarette over there in the smoking section where we have the ash trays…”
It should be clear by now that political types ain’t gonna do what has to be done. Most haven’t the courage to resist others with special interest groups among their constituencies. And besides, when somebody stuffs a bunch of money into your campaign fund what are you gonna do? Tell him to take it back??? Puh-lease…
So I give you the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.
There you go.
In the end it will be up to us as patients, providers, policy-makers and others to do the unpleasant job of arguing, informing, cajoling and in a few cases litigating the way forward, trying to move the needle a little at a time.
**QALY does not mean the advent of death panels.
**More medicine does not mean better medical care.
**More tests does not always lead to better results.
==►The latest device that costs three times as much (as well as the latest designer drug) can be left to those with plenty of private money instead of tax money until the patent runs out or the inefficiencies of scale and production bring costs to an affordable level.
==►Tax deductions are not the same as tax credits. Deductions should be low enough to help those at the punishing end of progressive taxes and capped at the other end. And credits should be similarly tweaked to begin correcting the discrepancies in the wealth gap that have opened up over the last two or three decades…
http://youtu.be/QPKKQnijnsM
“overthrowing the ban on cost-effectiveness research now must move high on the agenda”
Republican ideology on government efficiency stops when it affects the profits of their business/investor/donor constituency. Then their motto is “Waste on and profit”.
Most of the countries that have maternity benefits finance this through their social security systems.
In other words, every worker and every employer pays in an extra half a percent of payroll, or whatever, so that the new mother can be paid out of social security.
American employers instinctively resist maternity benefits because they fear they will be paying the cost themselves. Many many businesses are struggling to meet payroll right now, and they cannot handle paying someone who is not there.
So the key is a federal program, paid for with universal taxes.
What this takes is social solidarity and a strong labor party and a political system where 51% of the legislature can pass laws.
Health care is conceptually no different although the dollar amounts are higher.
The more I learn about the rest of the world the more cynical I become. It seems every few months I come across another reason to roll my eyes and shake my head at something else.
Most recently, since today is International Women’s Day, it came to my attention that America is the only country in the developed world without mandatory paid maternity benefits.
http://womenandtech.com/infographic-paid-maternity-leave/
ACA is the latest example of how special interests craft legislation with neither claws nor teeth.
A lot of good points here, and I will reread the post,………..but here are two quick observations:
1. Other nations which have hard budgets for health care have a very simple ways of dealting with Miami like deluges of treatments:
Doctors who prescribe an abnormal amount of tests are kicked out of the program.
When entire regions prescribe abnormal amounts of tests, the fees per test are cut back immediately, wiithout needing Congressional approval.
2. In other nations, a pharmacy price review board sets the maximum price for a new drug.
No one for a moment allows drug companies to charge what the market will bear.
Bob Hertz, The Health Care Crusade
Also in Washington Monthly.
http://qote.me/nEJkyo
Wow, I see why you’re called LONGman. On the other hand, I am very glad I took the time to read this piece. It put a number of things in to perspective for me, and I was pretty hopefull for a moment there that PCORI mightmight really have some cost impact. I had visions of PCORI/QLAY data bing dialed up at physician fingertips as part of the clinical decision support featurs that are being incorproated into popular EMR products. Have any tips for how private industry might start incrporating QLAY data in to EMR products?? I have to believe that while the drug and device manufacturers don’t want to see this utilized, physicians would welcome it.
What is the source for that figure?