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Gozio – Patient Navigation & Directions!

I had a great conversation and demo with Katie Logan and Christine Smith from Gozio a while back. Finally got it up on THCB. Gozio provides two types of patient navigation for health systems. One as a digital front door helping patients navigate to doctors, services and tools like virtual care and appointments from the hospitals, and actual navigation from the parking lot to the clinic/bedside. Why should hospitals hire Gozio (and spent a few $100k+) when some of this stuff is buried in MyChart in a typical health system? Calls go down, visits go up and Google ratings go up. They are in 25-35 systems now and aiming for many more.–Matthew Holt

This was such a great discussion I wanted to publish the transcript. The way I do that is to copy the YouTube-generated transcript and drop it into Claude to smooth it over. I then read it, and if I think it’s made an error, I dip back into the video and listen to what actually happened and make a correction. This is all to say: I think this transcript is pretty accurate, but it might have a bunch of AI- and human-generated mistakes.

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Start Counting Your Days

By KIM BELLARD

Probably the last thing the world needs is to hear from me about AI’s existential threat, but, really, what else is there to talk about right now?

For anyone who has not been following the current furor, the straw that broke the proverbial camel’s back came last week when Jacob Coxon, a researcher at AI leader Anthropic, announced he was leaving the company — after having left OpenAI for it earlier this year due to Anthropic’s better model-safety efforts. In a post on X, he warned:

I spent the last three years doing pretraining research at both OpenAI and Anthropic. Neither company is acting responsibly. They are racing straight to self-improving superintelligence and gambling with our lives.

AI systems, he fears, “will soon be superhuman systems that can hack anything, revolutionize any field overnight, and acquire real power and resources.” Insiders, he says, “earnestly believe it could kill us all by the end of the decade.”

Scared yet?

Others quickly chimed in. Evan Hubinger , a team leader at Anthropic, posted “AI could kill all humans … I personally think it is >10% within the next decade.”  Others put the risk even higher. By the end of the week Dario Anodei, founder and CEO of Anthropic, had written a long plea for private industry and government to quickly act together to “pace the industry.”

“We must slow the pace at which we improve the capabilities of AI models,” he urged. “Progress will still seem fast, and we must make wise use of the time we gain.”

OpenAI’s Sam Altman, Space X/X/Tesla CEO Elon Musk, Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella, and former Google DeepMind Dennis Hassabis quickly signaled their support.  

We also heard more about the kind of risks AI might pose. Anthropic released a report about how it detected and countered possible AI use to create bioweapons, detailing five such efforts. That’s just the tip of the iceberg: “Recently, we swept 30 days of activity associated with adversarial state institutions and found roughly 35 distinct research efforts, most of them ordinary civilian science, but some with notable dual-use potential.”

And it turns out that this summer’s rogue AI hack of Hugging Face was both scarier than we realized and only one of several such actions. The Wall Street Journal detailed several such efforts, from multiple AI companies. AI agents escaped walled-off environments, coordinated with other AI agents (up to 3,700 in one case), and tried to cover their tracks from humans.

We’re not nearing the point when AI can act on its own to achieve its purposes; we are there. And protecting humans may not necessarily be those purposes.

The big fear is that AI is now at the point of “recursive self-improvement,” taking humans out of the loop in training and upgrading it. If you thought artificial general intelligence (AGI) was scary, RGI puts its rate and scope of improvement on steroids.  “It’s hard to overstate how dangerous speeding towards RSI is,” said Jasmine Wang, an OpenAI researcher.  

We don’t let private industry develop nuclear or biochemical weapons, and we’re at a point with AI that should give the same kind of concern. Laissez-faire is no longer an option.

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Ran Shaul, K Health

K Health started life as symptom checker and spent a lot of time working with Elevance/Anthem. But in recent years has become a sophisticated LLM tuned to patients and now is working exclusively with major health systems as a front door including Mayo, Cedars Sinai and now Atlantic Health providing PatientGPT and Virtual Primary Care. I had Ran Shaul, Chief Product Officer come on THCB Spotlight to show how K Health is being used in various ways across health systems. He showed me various demos and I also asked him about the relationship with Epic, and what the future of care delivery with LLMs is going to be. Ran thinks we might need more doctors not less!–Matthew Holt

This was such a great discussion I wanted to publish the transcript. The way I do that is to copy the YouTube-generated transcript and drop it into Claude to smooth it over. I then read it, and if I think it’s made an error, I dip back into the video and listen to what actually happened and make a correction. This is all to say: I think this transcript is pretty accurate, but it might have a bunch of AI- and human-generated mistakes.

Continue reading…

Institutional Betrayal: HHS’s Failure to Decarbonize the Healthcare Industry (Part 2)

By DAVID INTROCASO

This is Part 2 of David Introcaso’s review of the attempt by the Biden admin to do something about the massive carbon footprint of the US health care system. If you haven’t read part 1, start here.

Discussion

Under Secretary Becerra, HHS’s effort to decarbonize healthcare amounted to passive obstructionism or at best an exercise in performative guilt.

Inarguably, the climate crisis constitutes a permanent Public Health Emergency (PHE). Yet, Becerra refused to declare one. His Surgeon General, Dr. Vivek Murthy, whose job was to generate debate and build consensus concerning significant public health issues, failed to make climate breakdown or healthcare’s contribution to it a priority. HHS never signed an agreement with the EPA nor with the Department of Energy. It was striking Becerra failed to say anything about the Securities and Exchange Commissions’ 2022 proposed climate disclosure rule despite knowing the highly-leveraged healthcare industry faces significant climate-related financial risk exposure. 

Because Becerra also failed to obtain Congressional funding for OCCHE, until it was eliminated in 2025 OCCHE was largely relegated to producing monthly “Climate and Health Outlook” reports that attempted to identify where the next climate disaster would threaten the public’s health.

Per a White House call to action, in April 2022 Becerra announced a voluntary climate pledge program that constituted patented greenwashing. Pledgees would self-report, were not required to use Energy Star and the program lacked oversight and enforcement.   

A month later Becerra announced an Office of Environmental Justice. It too was never funded. The OEJ did produce an Environmental Justice Index that scored by census track environmental, health and social vulnerability. Possibly a good idea in theory but in reality, as a potential climate redlining tool it threatened to formally sanction climate apartheid. 

The 2021 White House EO also directed major agencies to develop climate resilience plans. Becerra would have been wise to ignore the directive.  Instead, HHS published a Climate Action Plan that pledged to make a “concerted effort to enhance resilience.” It’s worth noting building resilience is now widely promoted despite presenting insurmountable and distressing problems. Resilience requires ceaseless adaptation to and recovery from an endless cycle of climate-charged disasters. Because resilience assumes climate harms are endemic, they are made acceptable. People are forced to live in permanent danger because there is no alternative to ecocide capitalism. Resilience teaches apathy, hopelessness and fatalism. It is anti-human agency, a form of subjectification. As value free, it is an attractive political policy allowing for infinite deferral. Resilience allows institutions like HHS to abdicate responsibility, apologizes for exploitative resource use and licenses a disaster-ridden world. Refusing to envision any alternative future, resilience is nihilism. 

Becerra could have at minimum calculated healthcare’s annual carbon footprint. Either on its own or in cooperation with the EPA, HHS could have at least conducted source attribution, sentinel site or randomized stratified sampling studies, exploited proxy data, etc. 

More productively, Becerra could have exploited the 1946 Administrative Procedures Act’s “good cause” exemption.  This would have allowed Becerra to publish an interim final regulatory rule, that would take effect immediately, requiring hospitals under COP to at minimum publicly report Energy Star scores.

CMS’ effort was non-existent.

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America Is Running Out of Doctors

By EMANUEL SARKEES

Most people assume that when they need a doctor, a doctor will be available. That assumption is getting harder to hold onto. Right now, more than 83 million Americans live in highlighted Health Professional Shortage Areas, which is the government’s official notice that where they live does not have enough physicians to meet basic healthcare demand. That is not a projection of something yet to come. It is the situation today, and the numbers are moving in the wrong direction.

The Association of American Medical Colleges projects the United States will face a shortage of up to 86,000 physicians by 2036. The National Center for Health Workforce Analysis puts it even higher, projecting a shortage of 124,180 physicians by 2027 and 187,130 by 2037. The two organizations use different methods but they land in the same place. The country is training, retaining, and deploying far fewer physicians than its growing and aging population needs.

What makes this worth paying attention to right now is not just the size of the problem. It is the fact that this shortage was not some unavoidable outcome. It was built, step by step, and then never was corrected before the damage became permanent.

How the System Built This Problem

The most important driver that most people have never heard of is the residency cap. In 1997, Congress froze the number of Medicare funded graduate medical education positions, which are the residency slots that medical school graduates need to complete before they can practice independently. The system largely preserved the existing distribution of residency positions, which also resulted in preserving an imbalance in the physician workforce. Adding more residency positions does not guarantee that new physicians will enter the primary care specialties or communities where they are actually needed. The result is not a shortage of physicians, but a mismatch between the specialties being trained and what types of physicians the country needs. Medical school enrollment has grown since then. Residency slots have not kept pace. The result is a bottleneck where qualified graduates cannot finish their training because there are not enough funded positions available. Without more residency funding, the final step in the physician training stays limited no matter how many students start medical school.

Medical debt makes the problem worse in a way that directly shapes where physicians end up practicing. The average medical school graduate carries more than $216,000 in student loan debt by the time they finish their education. By the time residency and fellowship training wraps up, which can be six to eight years later, that number has often grown. When a new physician is carrying a quarter million dollars in debt, the decision about where to practice is not made on the factor of where patients need the most help. It is made for the reimbursement system where primary care physicians earn significantly less than procedural specialists, and where rural practices operate on margins that make competitive salaries hard to offer. This is not a flaw in individual physicians. It is math, and the system sets it up this way.

Burnout is the third piece to the puzzle.

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Institutional Betrayal: HHS’s Failure to Decarbonize the Healthcare Industry (Part 1)

By DAVID INTROCASO

The Problem

From an anthropocentric perspective, the climate crisis is fundamentally a threat to human health and survival. 

The US healthcare industry significantly contributes to this threat. US healthcare’s greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) annually account for over 600 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents or ~10% of total US annual GHG emissions.[1] If US healthcare was its own country, it would rank ~12th worldwide in carbon pollution. 

Tragically, the industry and the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), responsible for regulating the healthcare market, remain committed to climate breakdown.  

The Solution

There was a sense of relief in 2020 when the National Academy of Medicine (NAM) announced its commitment to decarbonize the industry. The NAM’s silence had been difficult to understand in part because the National Academy of Sciences had recognized climate-related public health problems as early as 1966.  That year, NAM President Dr. Victor Dzau launched the Academy’s Grand Challenge on Climate and Health. The initiative was defined by a scoping paper drafted by Dr. Don Berwick, a former CMS Administrator, and two colleagues.  The authors wrote, “as the climate change public health catastrophe smolders, the US Healthcare system largely fiddles.” “Rather than ‘doing no harm,’ healthcare is fueling the carbon fire.” They recommended healthcare leaders “respond effectively to climate change,” by measuring “HEALTH outcomes as much by the environmental and public health impacts of our work as by the outcomes of particular patients.” “The healthcare sector must,” they concluded, “reduce its carbon footprint by 50%, in absolute terms, by 2030 compared to a 2010 baseline.” The recommendation aligned with a United Nations’ 2018 report that concluded reducing GHG emissions by this percent would provide a 50-66% chance that global warming would be limited 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and thereby avoid irreversible climate tipping points.

In September 2021, Dr. Dzau announced a NAM and HHS co-chaired effort titled the “Action Collaborative on Decarbonizing the US Health Sector.” HHS was prepared because per an early 2021 White House Executive Order titled, “Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad,” HHS Secretary Xavier Becerra had announced one month prior the creation of HHS’s Office of Climate Change and Health Equity (OCCHE). During his OCCHE press conference Becerra promised, “we’re going to use every tool at our disposal” to decarbonize the healthcare industry.

Motivations

There are several reasons why decarbonizing the healthcare industry has enormous significance.

With a market cap of upwards of $7.5 trillion, US healthcare, arguably the largest industry in the world’s largest economy, is exceptionally energy intensive being resource heavy in buildings, technology and labor. Equipment, lighting, strict ventilation, plug-in loads and high-occupancy mean hospitals are ovens even when outside temperatures are below freezing.

The industry is equally energy inefficient. The ten-year running average ending in 2025 of hospitals EPA Energy Star certified was 88, or less than 1.5% of an American Hospital Association-estimated 6,100. Operating rooms are particularly energy sinks accounting for ~50% of a hospital’s GHG emissions largely because of significant use of disposable medical supplies.   

High entropy healthcare was nowhere near decarbonizing much less accounting for its GHG emissions. While total US GHG emissions decreased by ~5% between 2010 and 2018, healthcare’s increased by ~6%. Research published in 2022 concluded healthcare “lags far behind in terms of [climate] sustainability, management and disclosure,” because “there is no sector-wide push from academic or industry leaders, government . . . regulators . . . or payors.”

Fossil fuel combustion exposes everyone, everywhere to innumerable and unrelenting health harms. Effectively everyone worldwide breathes substandard air accounting for upwards of ~8 million deaths annually. A study published in 2018 concluded 58% of estimated excess US deaths are due to fossil fuel use. A study published in 2022 concluded an equal percent of infectious diseases are aggravated by climate-related hazards and pathways.

GHG emissions pose a meta-problem, an underlying problem about a problem. Absent their removal, every healthcare policy effort to improve access, equity, quality, spending, value and utilization are compromised.   

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When “Paying Correctly” Means Paying Nothing: How to Make Medicare Advantage Accountable

By FRANK LEAHY

This is the second of two pieces. The first told the story of “Rick,” a 77-year-old Humana Medicare Advantage member who nearly lost his sight in a months-long runaround over a retinal detachment. This one asks what his case reveals, and what would help fix it.

The runaround was exhausting – the hold times, the repetition, the new voice on every call. But the most disturbing moment wasn’t any of that, and it wasn’t a denial. It was a justification. The claims that paid his surgeon $0.00, a Humana representative explained, were “paying correctly based on the contract loaded.”

Hold onto that sentence, because it reframes everything. What nearly cost Rick his sight was not one careless adjuster or one unlucky claim. The system did what it was built to do. It was designed so that a 77-year-old losing sight in one eye, and the surgeon who saved it, could end up with nothing – and no understandable way to make it right.

No understandable way is the heart of the problem. When a privately insured patient gets an unfair out-of-network bill, federal law hands their doctor a referee: the No Surprises Act, which lets a provider force a fair payment through arbitration. But that law was written for commercial insurance and never reached Medicare Advantage. On paper, Rick’s surgeon was already owed at least the standard Medicare rate; Medicare Advantage’s own rules say so. But he was paid nothing – and unlike a commercial patient’s doctor, he had no arbitration, no referee, no way to force the issue. What finally worked was a letter to Humana’s CEO and board of directors – a lever that shouldn’t have been needed.

Not an Outlier

Rick’s is just one case among a very large number. In 2023, Medicare Advantage insurers reviewed roughly 50 million prior-authorization requests and denied about 6.4% of them. Only 11.7% of those denials were ever appealed – and of the ones that were, more than 80% were partly or fully overturned. When four of five challenged denials get reversed, the obvious question is how many of the unchallenged ones were wrong too. (Source: KFF, 2025.) The federal Office of Inspector General has repeatedly found Medicare Advantage plans denying or delaying care that traditional Medicare would have covered.

What Rick’s case adds to those numbers is texture. His problem was never that his care was judged unnecessary – it was eventually authorized. His problem was that the rules were invisible and the process had no owner. No one told him a referral was required until he’d already failed to get one. The primary care doctor who was listed on his Humana Medicare Advantage card was a stranger in another state. The insurer’s own directory listed specialists who didn’t take the plan. Every answer contradicted the last, and nothing was ever put in writing. He was expected to navigate a maze whose walls appeared only after he’d walked into them. And when the maze finally produced a number, the number was $0.00 – for a surgeon the same insurer confirmed, on a recorded line, was in network.

Three Fixes That Can Help

There are many big proposals about how to fix health care in America, but I’m going to propose three narrow, unglamorous fixes that answer the simple question: Would it have helped Rick at the time of his accident?

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The Pandemic Risk of “What I’ve Never Seen Before”

By MIKE MAGEE

The world of medical science largely closed ranks last month in defense of Tony Fauci. Dr. Fauci had been hauled before the Senate Homeland Security Committee to face hostile entrapment by long time critique Senator Rand Paul of Kentucky. Taking no chances, his lawyers had the former head of NIH’s Infectious Disease division plead the 5th to avoid entrapment, fines, and even imprisonment.

It has been five years since Dr. Fauci appeared on MSNow (formerly MSNBC) and encourage viewers to “keep an open mind” when it came to “gain-of-function” research and the origins of the Covid pandemic. Since then, a 2025 WHO report stated “As things stand, all hypotheses must remain on the table.” That includes the possibility that the viral tragedy resulted from the inadvertent release of a genetically engineered virus from the Wuhan, China, laboratory of Shi Zhengli, a virologist trained at the University of North Carolina.

The risky experiments, termed “gain-of-function” studies, were justified as super-secure, safe, predictive, and preventive. Shi returned to her labs in 2018 and 2019 with grant funding from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease and the Department of Defense via an intermediary, the New York based non-profit EcoHealth Alliance,whose funding was retracted in 2024.

Their coordinator-in-chief was one Peter Daszak. Daszak is known for adopting militarized terms in the battle against global infectious diseases. In 2020 he wrote in the New York Times, “Pandemics are like terrorist attacks: We know roughly where they originate and what’s responsible for them, but we don’t know exactly when the next one will happen. They need to be handled the same way — by identifying all possible sources and dismantling those before the next pandemic strikes.”

Daszak’s argument that risks involved in Shi Zhengli’s Wuhan bat virus research were justified as defensive and preventive was convincing enough to the NIH and the Department of Defense that his EcoHealth Alliance was funded from 2013 to 2020 (contracts, grants, subgrants) to the tune of well over $100 million – $39 million from Pentagon /DOD funds, $65 million from USAID/State Dept., and  $20 million from HHS/NIH/CDC.

Daszak’s position within the scientific community was controversial. In fact, in 2014, a group of concerned scientists called the Cambridge Working Group issued this statement: “Accident risks with newly created ‘potential pandemic pathogens’ raise grave new concerns. Laboratory creation of highly transmissible, novel strains of dangerous viruses, especially but not limited to influenza, poses substantially increased risks. An accidental infection in such a setting could trigger outbreaks that would be difficult or impossible to control.”

All of this, it seems, would be “old news” except for last week’s dramatic announcement that “For the first time, scientists have used artificial intelligence to create new kinds of viruses, raising hopes for medical advances while also raising the disturbing possibility that the technology could someday be used to invent dangerous pathogens.”

It has been 23 years since scientists first constructed a synthetic viral genome. But Evo, a creative science AI newcomer, produced by OpenAI has apparently broken new ground – on its own. Well not completely. Its’ masters primed the pump by feeding the AI engine with nine trillion nucleotides (the human genome has 3 billion) obtained from millions of diverse species.

The scientific engineers focused down on a well-known virus that is generally active primarily in attacks on the bacteria, E-coli. It’s called Phi X-174. It has been utilized for some time in genetic engineering exercises. But in this case, it (along with some 15,000 close chemical relatives), was feed into Evo with the instruction to create new novel viruses of its own. 

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“We’re Sorry, That’s the Policy”: How a Medicare Advantage Runaround Nearly Cost a Senior His Sight

By FRANK LEAHY

On a gray February morning, I sat in my office in Inverness, in rural northern California, with the phone pressed to my ear, jotting down notes and Humana reference numbers. Across the table, my new friend Rick, 77, waited anxiously, struggling to follow the conversation. Nearly deaf and now partially blind, Rick had lived with a detached retina for weeks. Time was running out to save his vision.

I was determined to get Rick the surgery he needed. But as hours turned into days and days into weeks, I found myself ensnared in the kind of bureaucratic maze familiar to millions of Americans with Medicare Advantage plans.

This is the story of a vulnerable senior and his advocate, caught between doctors, clinics, and insurers at the hard edge of Medicare Advantage – America’s privatized Medicare system. It is a story of denials, delays, and a rulebook no one would explain – and of the human cost when a system is built to save money, not sight. It is also a story about how and why it took seven months, and a letter to a Fortune 500 CEO, to get one surgeon paid.

“I Just Want to See Again”

Rick’s world had been shrinking for years. Hard of hearing and living on less than $1,200 a month in Social Security and SSI, he split his time between Colorado and a friend’s spare room in rural California. With no family nearby, no internet, and only a battered flip phone, he relied on friends for help.

In mid-November 2024, Rick fell out of bed, striking his head and injuring the left side of his face. He shrugged off the pain, but over the following weeks his vision blurred, then faded. “I thought it would get better,” he said. “But it just kept getting worse.”

I met Rick in late December 2024. He told me about his fall, the injury, and that he could no longer see out of his left eye. It was clear how serious his situation was, and how much support he needed, so having recently retired I had the time to help him. But it was nearly too late. After weeks of back-and-forth with Humana, I finally got him in front of an ophthalmologist, who diagnosed a retinal detachment – a medical emergency where prompt treatment is essential to prevent permanent blindness.

Getting that treatment would prove far harder than I could have imagined.

The Medicare Advantage Trap

Rick was enrolled in a Humana Gold Plus HMO, a Medicare Advantage plan based in Colorado. Why Humana? Pure happenstance. He had been shopping at a Walmart in Colorado when a man “who seemed nice” signed him up. Like a lot of older people, Rick didn’t know the difference between Medicare Advantage and Original Medicare with a Medigap supplement – or why that difference would come to matter so much.

Like more than half of all Medicare beneficiaries, Rick had been drawn to a private plan by the promise of extra benefits and lower costs. The catch is that Medicare Advantage plans are built on narrow provider networks and strict rules about where and how you get care. For snowbirds, part-time residents, or anyone who lives in more than one state, those rules can become a trap.

My first call to Humana set the tone:

“I searched for a doctor on your website. I found one and called them. They say they don’t take Humana, even though your website says they do,” I told a representative, reading from my notes. “Can you find one for me?”

“You can, but I need Rick on the line.”

“He’s right here.”

“Okay, but I also need additional documentation…”

The runaround had begun.

The Rules No One Explained

To get surgery, Rick needed a referral to a retina specialist. No one at Humana told us that at the start. We learned it the way we learned every rule in this process – by hitting a wall, calling back, and being told, after the fact, that we had failed to do something no one had mentioned.

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Big Bucks, No Whammies: Patient Access Was Never the Finish Line

By STEPHEN FARBER

If you grew up in the 1980s, you probably remember Press Your Luck. Contestants stood in front of a flashing game board chanting, “Big bucks… no Whammies… STOP!” hoping the next square held cash instead of the mischievous cartoon character that erased everything they had won.

For years, assembling your own medical history felt remarkably similar.

You knew you had been treated at one hospital years ago, had imaging performed somewhere else, saw specialists who later retired, and changed insurance more than once along the way. One patient portal showed part of the story. Another required a password you hadn’t used in years. A medical records department offered to mail you a PDF after you completed a release form. Somewhere there was still a CD that no computer in your house could read. None of this meant your information had disappeared. It simply meant that putting it together depended almost as much on persistence as process.

That has always been one of healthcare’s great ironies. The industry became exceptionally good at documenting encounters. Every office visit, laboratory result, prescription, imaging study, discharge summary, and insurance claim was carefully preserved somewhere. What it never became particularly good at was helping individuals assemble those encounters into a coherent picture of their health over time.

For years, most of us accepted that as an unavoidable consequence of a fragmented healthcare system. In reality, it reflected a combination of technical limitations, business incentives, and regulatory uncertainty that made sharing information far more difficult than creating it. Patients often became the courier between organizations because there were few practical alternatives.

Quietly, that has begun to change.

While much of the industry’s attention has shifted toward artificial intelligence, another transformation has been taking place beneath the surface. The 21st Century Cures Act, Information Blocking regulations, standardized FHIR APIs, CMS interoperability requirements, and the continued evolution of TEFCA have collectively changed the trajectory of patient access. None of those developments solved the problem on their own, but together they have created an environment in which individuals can retrieve far more of their own health information electronically than was practical only a few years ago.

Although we’re still in the early stages, the technology has matured to the point where individuals can increasingly assemble and steward their own longitudinal health record. That changes the conversation. For much of the past decade, patient access was largely a policy discussion centered on whether people should have meaningful electronic access to their own information. Increasingly, the more interesting question is what becomes possible once they do.

As the market has evolved, complementary approaches have emerged. Some companies focus on helping individuals retrieve records directly from the organizations that hold them. Fasten Health is an interesting example because it begins with a simple premise: individuals should be able to assemble a record they control. Other organizations focus on discovering where records exist through exchange networks, while infrastructure companies simplify connectivity so developers can build applications without creating thousands of individual integrations. These approaches solve different problems, but they increasingly reinforce one another instead of competing.

That convergence has quietly moved the industry across an important threshold. For years, success was measured by our ability to collect fragmented data. Standards had to mature, regulations had to evolve, organizations had to expose information electronically, and software developers had to build practical ways of retrieving it. Much of that work occurred outside public view, but together it has made something increasingly realistic that once felt aspirational.

Bringing information together is a significant achievement because it gives people, often for the first time, a more complete picture of their interactions with the healthcare system over many years. A longitudinal health record tells us where someone received care, what diagnoses were made, which medications were prescribed, and what procedures were performed. Those are essential building blocks, but they rarely explain why decisions were made, what alternatives were considered, who participated in those conversations, or what mattered most to the individual at that point in life. Records preserve information extraordinarily well. Context has always been more difficult to preserve.

Healthcare has good reasons for operating around encounters because that is how care is delivered, documented, and reimbursed. People, however, experience their lives as a continuous story in which one decision influences the next, often over decades.

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